{"id":36988,"date":"2017-02-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2017-02-16T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.smglanguages.com\/blog-it\/unkategorisiert\/interprete-de-conference-origines-et-evolution-de-la-profession"},"modified":"2025-05-29T16:04:24","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T14:04:24","slug":"interprete-de-conference-origines-et-evolution-de-la-profession","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.smglanguages.com\/fr\/interprete-de-conference-origines-et-evolution-de-la-profession\/","title":{"rendered":"Interpr\u00e8te de conf\u00e9rence : origines et \u00e9volution de la profession"},"content":{"rendered":"

De tous temps, les peuples se sont aid\u00e9s d\u2019interpr\u00e8tes<\/strong> pour pouvoir \u00e9changer avec d\u2019autres populations parlant une langue diff\u00e9rente de la leur, mais comment en est-on arriv\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019interpr\u00e8te de conf\u00e9rence<\/strong><\/a> moderne, travaillant au sein d\u2019une cabine insonoris\u00e9e et muni d\u2019un casque et d\u2019un micro\u00a0? Quels sont les \u00e9v\u00e9nements qui ont fait \u00e9voluer les techniques de cette profession\u00a0? Comment ont se sont transform\u00e9es les conditions de travail\u00a0?<\/p>\n

Il y a tout d\u2019abord lieu de distinguer deux types d\u2019interpr\u00e9tation de conf\u00e9rence<\/strong>\u00a0: celle cons\u00e9cutive et celle simultan\u00e9e, la seconde \u00e9tant intervenue \u00e0 une \u00e9poque ult\u00e9rieure.<\/p>\n

Lors des conf\u00e9rences organis\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019issue de la premi\u00e8re guerre mondiale et pendant l\u2019entre-deux guerres, c\u2019est l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation cons\u00e9cutive<\/strong><\/a> qui pr\u00e9domina. Quant \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer la toute premi\u00e8re interpr\u00e9tation cons\u00e9cutive officielle, la plupart s\u2019accordent pour affirmer qu\u2019il s\u2019agit de la Conf\u00e9rence de Paix, tenue \u00e0 Paris, en 1919. \u00c0 cette \u00e9poque, on n\u2019apprenait pas \u00e0 \u00eatre interpr\u00e8te, mais on s\u2019improvisait\u00a0; il s\u2019agissait d\u2019une activit\u00e9 prestigieuse r\u00e9serv\u00e9e \u00e0 d\u2019anciens diplomates ou militaires. En outre, elle \u00e9tait essentiellement pratiqu\u00e9e par des hommes car, en l\u2019absence de microphones, il fallait poss\u00e9der une voix suffisamment puissante pour \u00eatre entendue par des centaines de personnes. Autre caract\u00e9ristique de cette \u00e9poque\u00a0: le multilinguisme<\/strong>. En effet, les congr\u00e8s r\u00e9unissait des personnes de langues diff\u00e9rentes et la simultan\u00e9e moderne n\u2019avait pas encore vu le jour, l\u2019interpr\u00e8te \u00e9tait donc appel\u00e9 \u00e0 interpr\u00e9ter, de mani\u00e8re cons\u00e9cutive, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 trois langues, et le tout debout. Parmi les premiers interpr\u00e8tes de conf\u00e9rence fran\u00e7ais, citons Paul Mantoux<\/a>, qui pr\u00eata ses services d\u2019interpr\u00e8te \u00e0 l\u2019occasion du c\u00e9l\u00e8bre Trait\u00e9 de Versailles, le trait\u00e9 de paix qui mit fin \u00e0 la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale. Signalons \u00e9galement Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Rozan \u00e0 qui l\u2019on doit \u00e9galement l\u2019ouvrage intitul\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0La prise de notes en interpr\u00e9tation cons\u00e9cutive\u00a0\u00bb, le B.A BA de l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation cons\u00e9cutive.<\/p>\n

Dans les ann\u00e9es qui suivirent, on assista progressivement \u00e0 une transformation des techniques d\u2019interpr\u00e9tation<\/strong>. En effet, alors qu\u2019au d\u00e9but du 19e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, le fran\u00e7ais constitue encore la langue, par excellence, de la diplomatie que tous les participants doivent comprendre (comme ce fut le cas au Congr\u00e8s de Vienne de 1814), ce n\u2019est plus le cas un si\u00e8cle plus tard. Il faut donc interpr\u00e9ter plus de langues tout en \u00e9vitant de rallonger la dur\u00e9e des congr\u00e8s. C\u2019est ainsi que l\u2019on voit se d\u00e9velopper l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation successive\u00a0<\/a>: on n\u2019a plus une seule personne traduisant vers plusieurs langues, mais plusieurs interpr\u00e8tes traduisant, de mani\u00e8re cons\u00e9cutive, dans leur propre langue. Pour acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la dur\u00e9e des congr\u00e8s, on proc\u00e8de \u00e9galement \u00e0 la lecture simultan\u00e9e du discours prononc\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Mais c\u2019est v\u00e9ritablement avec le proc\u00e8s de Nuremberg<\/a> que prit forme l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation simultan\u00e9e moderne. L\u00e9on Dostert, charg\u00e9 du service Interpr\u00e9tation et ancien interpr\u00e8te d\u2019Eisenhower, d\u00e9montra que le recours \u00e0 la technique cons\u00e9cutive ralentirait consid\u00e9rablement l\u2019\u00e9volution du proc\u00e8s\u00a0: la simultan\u00e9e fut donc adopt\u00e9e. Dans un contexte o\u00f9 la cons\u00e9cutive pr\u00e9dominait, il fut difficile de trouver des interpr\u00e8tes simultan\u00e9s bien form\u00e9s. Les interpr\u00e8tes<\/strong> qui devaient encore s\u2019exercer pouvait s\u2019entra\u00eener \u00e0 la traduction avant de passer directement \u00e0 la salle d\u2019audience. Dostert avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 saisi la difficult\u00e9 de cet exercice et l\u2019importance de se relayer, c\u2019est ainsi qu\u2019il mit en place 3 \u00e9quipes de 12 interpr\u00e8tes qui se passaient le t\u00e9moin toutes les 45 minutes. Mais comment fonctionnait l\u2019\u00e9quipement\u00a0? Il fut cr\u00e9\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis en 1927 par un homme d\u2019affaires, Edward Filene, un ing\u00e9nieur \u00e9lectronique, Gordon Finlay, en collaboration avec Thomas Watson. Cet appareil, le Hush-a-Phone Filene-Finlay<\/strong><\/a> consistait en une cabine \u00e9quip\u00e9e d\u2019un t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, d\u2019un micro et d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de connexion aux \u00e9couteurs du public. Notons que celui utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 Nuremberg \u00e9tait muni d\u2019un syst\u00e8me d\u2019alerte dans le cas o\u00f9 l’interpr\u00e8te\u00a0rencontrerait des probl\u00e8mes, d\u2019une lampe jaune s\u2019allumant lorsque l\u2019orateur parlait trop vite par exemple\u00a0; enfin, en pr\u00e9sence d\u2019une panne du syst\u00e8me, une lampe rouge s\u2019activait. Pour la cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019ONU, de nombreux interpr\u00e8tes ayant travaill\u00e9 \u00e0 Nuremberg furent appel\u00e9s \u00e0 New York, en raison de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir 5 langues officielles.<\/p>\n

Parlons \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent des conditions de travail de ces interpr\u00e8tes. Pendant les congr\u00e8s de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre, la mission de l\u2019interpr\u00e8te ne se terminait pas avec la fin des discours des diff\u00e9rents orateurs, mais se poursuivait le soir avec la traduction des actes r\u00e9dig\u00e9s le jour m\u00eame, tels que des r\u00e9solutions, d\u00e9cisions adopt\u00e9es\u00a0; dans d\u2019autres cas, il leur \u00e9tait demand\u00e9 de r\u00e9diger des notes de s\u00e9ance pour rendre compte des t\u00eate-\u00e0-t\u00eate organis\u00e9s entre hommes d\u2019\u00e9tat. Je vous laisse imaginer l\u2019\u00e9tat de surmenage de l\u2019interpr\u00e8te comme celui dans lequel s\u2019est retrouv\u00e9 W. Keiser qui dut interpr\u00e9ter, en cons\u00e9cutif, pendant toute une semaine, du lundi au samedi (matin et apr\u00e8s-midi) en anglais, fran\u00e7ais et allemand \u00e0 l\u2019occasion du premier congr\u00e8s international de m\u00e9decine hom\u00e9opathique, en 1951. Le r\u00e9sultat\u00a0? Il s\u2019effondra le dernier jour du congr\u00e8s\u00a0! Sachez que ce n\u2019est qu\u2019au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1960 que ces conditions commenc\u00e8rent \u00e0 \u00eatre contest\u00e9es avec en 1963 la pr\u00e9sentation du Cahier des Dol\u00e9ances<\/a> et en 1969, la conclusion des accords quinquennaux avec les Nations Unies et les Communaut\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes et coordonn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, l\u2019interpr\u00e9tation est devenue une profession \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re, non plus r\u00e9serv\u00e9e \u00e0 une \u00e9lite, mais ouverte \u00e0 toutes les personnes en possession des comp\u00e9tences requises et se dipl\u00f4mant aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019une des \u00c9coles d\u2019interpr\u00e8tes qui se sont progressivement cr\u00e9\u00e9es, la plus ancienne \u00e9tant celle de Gen\u00e8ve (1941).<\/p>\n

Enfin, les professionnels se regroupent au sein d\u2019associations pour prot\u00e9ger et d\u00e9fendre leur m\u00e9tier\u00a0: en 1953, fut cr\u00e9\u00e9e l\u2019Association Internationale des Interpr\u00e8tes de Conf\u00e9rence<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

De tous temps, les peuples se sont aid\u00e9s d\u2019interpr\u00e8tes pour pouvoir \u00e9changer avec d\u2019autres populations parlant une langue diff\u00e9rente de<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[240,231,236],"class_list":["post-36988","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-unkategorisiert","tag-communication","tag-internationalisation","tag-interpretation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nInterpr\u00e8te de conf\u00e9rence : origines et \u00e9volution de la profession - SMG Languages<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Comment en est-on arriv\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019interpr\u00e8te de conf\u00e9rence moderne, travaillant au sein d\u2019une cabine insonoris\u00e9e et muni d\u2019un casque et d\u2019un micro ?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.smglanguages.com\/fr\/interprete-de-conference-origines-et-evolution-de-la-profession\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Interpr\u00e8te de conf\u00e9rence : origines et \u00e9volution de la profession - 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